The Evaluation of Alternatives for the Ultimate Disposal of Krypton-85: Task 1 - Compilation of Alternatives

摘要

Task 1 reviews the literature on the immobilization and storage of krypton-85. In all, seventeen methods are reviewed including steel cylinders at 500 and 2000 psi zeolites, ion implantation/sputtering krypton loaded solid set in a matrix, etc. A bibliography is provided for each technique. Task 2 compares twenty immobilization/storage techniques in terms of technical feasibility, safety, relative cost, and 'other factors' which include retrievability, sociopolitical considerations, and transportational aspects. Two promising storage techniques (ion implantation and subatmospheric storage in tanks), along with the reference cases of 500 psi and 2000 psi storage in steel cylinders are considered with respect to ultimate disposal techniques in Task 3. The ultimate disposal techniques considered are storage in a building, storage in a dry well, storage in deep geological media and ocean disposal. Specific designs are described in terms of achievability, environmental hazards, and comparative costs whenever possible.