Nanostructured Materials for Developing Biocompatible and Implantable Biosensors: Challenges and Strategies

摘要

Nanostructured materials have emerged as promising candidates for developing high-performance biosensors due to their unique properties, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced catalytic activity, and improved electrical and optical characteristics. However, the integration of these materials into biocompatible and implantable biosensors presents several challenges, including biocompatibility concerns, biofouling, long-term stability, and efficient signal transduction. This chapter offers a thorough review of the difficulties and solutions related to creating biocompatible and implantable biosensors with nanostructured materials. It explores the potential of various nanostructured materials, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites, and nanostructured ceramics and metal oxides. The chapter also discusses the challenges related to biocompatibility and toxicity, biofouling and non-specific binding, long-term stability and reliability, biocompatible immobilization strategies, and signal transduction and amplification. Additionally, it presents strategies to overcome these challenges, including surface modification and functionalization, biocompatible nanocomposites and hybrid materials, innovative enzyme immobilization techniques, novel signal amplification and transduction mechanisms, computational modeling and simulation, and rigorous in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility testing. The successful development of biocompatible and implantable biosensors incorporating nanostructured materials has the potential to revolutionize various fields, such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, and biodefense, enabling real-time monitoring, early disease detection, and personalized treatment strategies.