Development of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Metal (Mo, Ga, Bi)-Doped Polyacrylic Acid Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications

摘要

Abstract Polyacrylic acid (PAAc) polymer was synthesized using a radical polymerization method that involved sequential mixing of monomer, cross-linker, accelerator, and initiator. Subsequently, polymer composites with carbon nanotube (CNT) and molybdenum (Mo), gallium (Ga), and bismuth (Bi))/CNT catalysts were synthesized using identical parameters. The hydrogels were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) and mapping, infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The PAAc-graft(g)-(Mo/CNT) electrode, which acts as a supercapacitor electrode, displayed a significant specific capacitance of 160.80 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1. After 5000 cycles, PAAc-g-(Mo/CNT), PAAc-g-(Ga/CNT), and PAAc-g-(Bi/CNT) demonstrated capacitance retention of 80.7, 75.9, and 62.5, respectively. Comparing the results from cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance tests, it was determined that the electrode containing Mo exhibits superior and more robust electrochemical stability than electrodes containing Ga and Bi.