The surgical management of localized renal cell cancer has changed considerably over the last few years. Initially, open radical nephrectomy was the only treatment option considered for any kind of renal cell cancer. However, long-term results of open partial nephrectomy indicated that, as with breast cancer, there is no need to remove the entire organ. The next step was the introduction of laparoscopy-at least for patients with larger tumours. Hence, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has become the treatment of choice for stage T2 and T3 renal tumours. For stage T1 tumours, on the other hand, partial nephrectomy is the standard procedure. Recently, robot-assisted partial nephrectomy has. been introduced, which provides better ergonomics during reconstruction.
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