Robot-assisted extended pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP): a video-based illustration of technique, results, and unmet patient selection needs.

摘要

OBJECTIVE: * To describe the differences in technique and results between standard vs extended template pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) using a robot-assisted (RA) technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: * Using extended templates illustrated for the open surgical technique, a RA technique was developed to solve obstacles related to surgical exposure, identification of key landmarks, proper sequencing of operative steps, and prevention of complicationsshown in the accompanying video. * From May 2006 to October 2007, 261 patients underwent a standard PLND, and from November 2007 to November 2010, 670 underwent an extended PLND (E-PLND) by one surgeon. RESULTS: * The lymph node (LN) yield increased from a median(interquartile range) of 8 (5-11) to 16 (11-21) with the extended technique (P < 0.001). * The ratio of positive LNs increased from 7% to 18%. Among E-PLND cases by risk group, positive LNs were found in 39%, 9%, and 3% of high-, intermediate-, and low-risk cases, and the later two groups strongly associated with upgrading and/or upstaging. * Extensive clipping appears necessary to avoid postoperative lymphoceles, and peritoneal fenestration for the extraperitoneal technique. * The median operative duration for E-PLND was 42 min, roughly double that of a standard PLND. CONCLUSIONS: * E-PLND is feasible with a RA technique, and increases the LN yield and positive LN ratio;the latter especially in high-risk disease. * The procedure takes twice as long and requires several updates in technique shown in the video.