Fohn/cold-pool interactions in the Rhine valley during MAP IOP 15

摘要

The fohn/cold-pool interactions in the lower Alpine Rhine valley documented in the framework of the Intensive Observing Period (IOP) 15 of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) on 5 November 1999 are analysed. The present study focuses on the water vapour mixing ratio measurements acquired with the airborne differential absorption lidar LEANDRE 2 which enabled detailed documentation of the along-valley structure of the cold pool. LEANDRE 2 and microbarograph measurements revealed the presence of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHW) at the top of the cold pool. The characteristics of the waves were different in the region of the cold-pool leading edge (the southernmost part of the cold pool) and in the vicinity of the Bodensee (Lake Constance), further to thenorth. Gravity waves were also observed above the cold pool in the in situ aircraft data acquired in the vicinity of the Bodensee. The gravity waves are suspected to be triggered by the KHW at the top of the cold pool. We also investigate the respectiverole of the three known processes likely to control the structure of the cold pool and its erosion along the Rhine valley, namely (i) convection within the cold pool, (ii) turbulent erosion at the top of the cold pool due to the presence of KHW, and (iii) dynamic displacement of the cold pool by fohn air. The former two processes are likely not to play a role in the erosion of the cold pool observed in the course of this IOP. Finally, the temporal evolution of the heat budget advection term in the lower Rhine valley was investigated using temperature profiles derived from balloon soundings acquired at two sites which were overpassed by the cold-pool edge in the course of its displacement northwards during the early afternoon as the result of the action of the fohn, and then southwards in the late afternoon as the fohn weakened and cold air from the Bodensee area was filling the lower Rhine Valley.