At the same time greenhouse cucumber production was initiated by a large numbers of German-speaking Mennonites who had emigrated from Eastern Europe in the mid-1920s and following the second world war. By the 1960s, the coal fired boilers were replaced by oil-burning boilers and following the energy crisis of 1973-1974 natural gas was adopted as the main energy source. The 1960s and 1970s were characterized by heavy reliance on greenhouse technologies developed by the Michigan State and Ohio State Universities, and a strong competition between the Cleveland, Ohio and Leamington, Ontario greenhouse growers for the supply of the Quebec market with pink-colored tomatoes. At the same time, the seedless cucumber was introduced to North American market and an Ontario based Marketing Board was established (1968) to assist with marketing.
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