An anatomy-based approach to human muscle modeling and deformation

摘要

Muscle simulation is an important component of human modeling, butnthere have been few attempts to demonstrate, in 3D and in annanatomically correct way, the structures of muscles and the way in whichnthese change during motion. This paper proposes an anatomically-basednapproach to muscle modeling that attempts to provide models for humannmusculature based on the real morphological structures. These modelsnprovide a good visual description of muscle form and action andnrepresent a sound base from which to produce further progress towardnmedically accurate simulation of human bodies. Three major problems havenbeen addressed: geometric modeling, deformation and texture. To allownfor the wide variety of deformable muscle shapes encountered in thenbody, while retaining as many of their common properties as possible,nthe geometric models are classified into several categories according tonthe characteristics of their structures and actions. Within eachncategory, the model for each muscle has an efficient structural form,ncreated using anatomical data. Deformation is also performed on thenbasis of the categories, with all models within each category sharingnthe same deformation scheme. The categories cover both general andnspecial cases. The result is an efficient, anatomically accurate musclenrepresentation that is specifically designed to accommodate thenparticular form of deformation exhibited by each individual muscle.nInteractions between muscles; are also taken into account to avoidnpenetration occurring between adjacent muscles in our model. To providena suitable visual effect, the muscle texture is generated directly onnthe model surface. The textures and colors are obtained from anatomicalndata via image analysis. Some results are presented on the geometricnmodeling, the deformation and the texture of muscles related to thenlower limb