Bird Glutathione S-transferases: Endogenous and Exogenous Toxic Insults

摘要

All organisms are producing non-nutritional chemical agents during normal cellular metabolism which commonly termed as endogenous toxic species. In addition to that the living beings are exposing to un-useful foreign chemical species which commonly termed as xenobiotics. Consequently that the organisms have evolved mechanisms to minimize the effects oxidative metabolism that is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and have developed effective antioxidant defence system to mitigate harmful toxic chemicals. Because of highly mobile nature birds are the victims of exposure to wide spectrum of environmental pollutants. Hence, they have developed more efficient antioxidant enzymatic system to detoxify both endogenous and exogenous (xenobiotic) toxic agents for their survival. That the antioxidant enzymatic system which has been divided into three phases. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are belongs to phase II defence enzymes which play major rolein both endogenous and exogenous toxic agents detoxification. GSTs are act as the biomarkers in birds which are either living in polluted ecosystem or exposed to xenobiotics. That the gradual loading of the environment with toxic chemicals which leads to considerable attention on xenobiotic metabolism in wild animals and birds. The screening of GSTs in birds can provide the information about the metabolism related specific mechanisms of chemical toxicity. That the single amino acid change in GST can alter the catalytic property of enzyme which leads to inactivation of detoxification capacity. The goal of this review is to provide the better information about GSTs role in detoxification of endogenous and exogenous toxic agents in birds.