Accelerating pipelined integer and floating-point accumulations in configurable hardware with delayed addition techniques

摘要

The speed of arithmetic calculations in configurable hardware is limited by carry propagation, even with the dedicated hardware found in recent FPGAs. This paper proposes and evaluates an approach called delayed addition that reduces the carry-propagation bottleneck and improves the performance of arithmetic calculations. Our approach employs the idea used in Wallace trees to store the results in an intermediate form and delay addition until the end of a repeated calculation such as accumulation or dot-product; this effectively removes carry propagation overhead from the calculation's critical path. We present both integer and floating-point designs that use our technique. Our pipelined integer multiply-accumulate (MAC) design is based on a fairly traditional multiplier design, but with delayed addition as well. This design achieves a 72 MHz clock rate on an XC4036xla-9 FPGA and 170 MHz clock rate on an XV300epq240-8 FPGA. Next, we present a 32-bit floating-point accumulator based on delayed addition. Here, delayed addition requires a novel alignment technique that decouples the incoming operands from the accumulated result. A conservative version of this design achieves a 40 MHz clock rate on an XC4036xla-9 FPGA and 97 MHz clock rate on an XV100epq240-8 FPGA. We also present a 32-bit floating-point accumulator design with compiler-managed overflow avoidance that achieves a 80 MHz clock rate on an XC4036xla-9 FPGA and 150 MHz clock rate on an XCV100epq240-8 FPGA.