HIV and Non-Communicable Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries in the ART Era: What We Know and Best Directions for Future Research

摘要

With the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV is becoming a chronic disease. HIV seropositive (+) individuals on ART can expect to live longer and, as a result, they are at risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases related to factors such as aging, lifestyle, long-term HIV infection, and the potential adverse effects of ART. Though data are incomplete, evidence suggests that even in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are increasing in HIV+ individuals. This review summarizes evidence linking HIV infection to the most commonly cited chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions in LMICs: heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction, stroke, obstructive lung diseases, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. We describe the observed epidemiology of these conditions, factors affecting expression in LMICs, and key populations that may be at higher risk (i.e., illicit drug users and children), and finally, we suggest strategic areas of research and training intended to counter these conditions effectively. As access to ART in LMICs increases, long-term outcomes among HIV+ persons will increasingly be determined by a range of associated chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary complications. Actions taken now to identify those conditions that contribute to long-term morbidity and mortality, optimize early recognition and diagnosis, and implement effective prevention strategies and/or disease interventions are likely to have the greatest impact on limiting cardiovascular and pulmonary disease comorbidity and improving population health among HIV+ individuals in LMICs.