纽约地铁历经100多年的建设和运营,其高峰时段的过度拥挤和财务亏损一直是困扰纽约市政府和居民的难题.结合纽约城市扩张中土地利用形态的演化,重新梳理纽约地铁的建设和运营历程,并从票制、客运量、运营组织模式以及土地利用四个角度分析纽约地铁的运营绩效特征.通过考虑规模效应和“峰值效应”,发现纽约城市扩张过程中土地利用形态的演化是影响其运营绩效的根本原因.最后,借鉴纽约地铁的经验教训,指出中国城市在推进城市轨道交通与土地利用一体化发展时应着重注意的问题.%During the past more than 100 years, the heavy congestion in peak hour and persistent deficits in subway operation have puzzled the New York City government and residents alike. Examining the evolution of land use patterns during the urban sprawl, this paper reviews the construction and operation of New York City Subway and analyzes the operating characteristics in four aspects: fare system, passenger volume, operating strategies, and land use. The paper identifies that the land use development during the urban sprawl is the root cause of the deficit problem for the New York City subway system considering the scale effect and peak effect of rail transit. Learning from the lessons of New York City subway, the paper points out several noticeable problems in the integrated development of urban rail transit and land use in China.
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