SH6矮化中间砧'富士'苹果不同树形对树体生长和果实产量、品质的影响

摘要

[目的]探讨矮化中间砧'富士'(宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶)苹果3种不同树形(自由纺锤形、V字形和篱壁形)的树体生长和果实产量、品质的差异,为矮化中间砧苹果的早果、优质最佳树形选择应用提供理论依据.[方法]以2010年春季定植的3年根1年干SH6矮化中间砧'富士'成品苗(宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶)为试材,单位面积种植株数相同,分别为自由纺锤形(2 m×4.5 m)、V字形(1.5 m×6 m)和篱壁形(3 m×3 m)3种方式建园,自栽植后分别采用相应的树形修剪方法,连续6年调查不同树形SH6矮化中间砧'富士'苹果树体生长、枝类组成及果实产量、单果重、固酸比等品质指标.[结果]不同树形SH6矮化中间砧'富士'苹果树体生长和果实产量、品质存在较大差异.自栽植后第3年开始,不同树形的树体总枝量和覆盖率开始呈现显著差异,自由纺锤形树体总枝量和覆盖率最大,V字形次之,篱壁形最小;3种树形的枝类组成差异不显著.种植后第4年初结果和5—6年结果期的单株产量和累计产量均为自由纺锤形最高,显著高于V字形和篱壁形;自由纺锤形果实的平均单果重最大,V字形最小;各树形果实的果形指数、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和果肉硬度均无显著差异.[结论]SH6矮化中间砧'富士'苹果树采用自由纺锤形树形与V字形和蓠壁形相比,具有幼树生长快、成形早、总枝量高、枝类组成合理,结果早、稳产丰产、大果比例高、果实单果重高等特点.自由纺锤形是苹果矮砧规模化生产的适宜树形.%[Objective] Effect of different tree shapes on growth, yield and fruit quality in 'Fuji' apple trees was studied in-depth to provide the theoretical basis and mentoring programs for the selection of tree shapes on dwarfing interstock.[Method] The 'Fuji' apple with SH6 dwarf interstock planted in spring 2010 was used to investigate the effect of three different tree shapes (Spindle 2 m×4.5 m, V-trellis 1.5 m×6 m, Hedgerow 3 m×3 m) on growth, yield and quality in 'Fuji' apple trees from 2011 to 2016.[Result]The tree growth, fruit yield and quality of different tree shapes were quite different. Since the first 3 years after planting, the total branches and coverage rate of different tree shapes showed significant differences, spindle maximum, followed by V-trellis, Hedgerow minimum. There was no significant difference on the proportion of different branches among different tree shapes. There was also no significant difference on leaf fresh weight, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate among them. All trees began to have production in the fourth year. The cumulative average yield per plant of Spindle was significantly higher than that of V-trellis and Hedgerow. Average fruit weight of Spindle was the biggest, with V-trellis smallest. Firmness of V-trellis was the highest, with Spindle lowest. There was no significant difference on the fruit figure index, soluble solids, titratable acidity and TSS/TA among different tree shapes.[Conclusion]According to the survey data of seven years, the ‘Fuji’ apple with SH6 dwarf interstock of Spindle shows large total branches amount, moderate growth, early bearing, high and stable yield, and good fruit quality compared with that of V-trellis and Hedgerow. Spindle is the suitable shape for apple dwarf stock cultivation model.