Speech production involves four main processes including conceptualization,formulation,articulation and self-monitoring.During these processes,learners need to use sociocultural,pragmatic and discourse knowledge in conceptualization,vocabulary and grammar in formulation,and phonological knowledge in articulation.By utilizing the knowledge mentioned above,learners are expected to possess such speaking skills as routine skills and improvisation skills.Current speaking teaching methods are broadly divided into"skill-getting"direct approach and"skill-using"indirect approach.As they are mutually complementary,a balance of activities types should be provided.On the basis of these theories,a modification of a listening and speaking lesson in New Cutting Edge Pre-intermediate is designed to get students notice,retrieve and use some useful expressions for giving direction.
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