论现代汉语中表示道义情态的“不敢”∗--兼论表示道义情态的“敢”义词句法分布的蕴含共性

摘要

在现代汉语普通话中，“不敢”除了表示动力情态“没勇气”以外，还可以表示道义情态“不许可”。表示道义情态的“不敢”具有“低正式度”的语体特征；只能用来提出道义要求，无法用来陈述道义的存在。主语的人称、认识情态和时间是分化“不敢”的动力情态意义和道义情态意义的重要手段。综合分析古代文献以及汉语方言和其他语言的材料，表示道义情态的“敢”义词在句法分布上遵循“否定>疑问>肯定”这一序列，表现出蕴含共性。%In mandarin Chinese,in addition to presenting the meaning of dynamic modality “dare not”,the structure “bugan”(不敢)also expresses the meaning of deontic modality “prohibit”.The structure “bugan”that indicates a meaning of deontic modality is stylistically characterized by a low level of formality,and is only used to claim deontic requirements rather than stating the deontic exist-ence.Person, epistemic modality, and tense are three methods to disambiguate the structure. Through a comprehensive analysis of classical Chinese,Chinese dialects and other languages,the de-ontic meaning of modals which originally referred “gan”(敢)follows an order of “negation > interro-gation > affirmation”in syntactic distribution,demonstrating an implicational universal.