正义与仁爱：罗尔斯和桑德尔的分歧

摘要

罗尔斯在其正义理论中将正义作为社会制度的首要美德。然而，共同体主义者（也被称为社群主义者）桑德尔并不认为正义必然优先于仁爱等其他美德。桑德尔针对正义的优先性进行了三方面的批评：第一，罗尔斯所描述的经验性的正义环境不具有普遍性；第二，罗尔斯将原初状态的人们设定为相互冷淡的，忽略了人们之间可能存在的相互关爱的倾向；第三，罗尔斯反对以仁爱作为社会制度首要美德的重要理由———个人在认识论上的局限———是站不住脚的。%In his theory of justice,John Rawls considers justice as the first virtue of social constitution.Michael J.Sandel as a communitarianist,however,disagrees with Rawls on the priority of justice,and gives his criticism in the following three as-pects:first,the empirical environment of justice described by Rawls does not exist universally;second,Rawls considers the people in the original position as disinterested to each other,which ignores the possibility that they might care about each other;third,the epistemological limitation of individuals,that is,Rawls's argument against“benevolence”as the first virtue of social constitution,is untenable.