董仲舒国家治理思想：历史观的创新与大一统思想的重构

摘要

从秦王朝到汉武帝的时代，在政治实践中，先后存在过三种大一统国家治理思想，即秦代霸道暴政式的大一统、汉初无为而治式的大一统，汉武帝多欲政治式的大一统。这三种模式，在历史观上都崇拜黄帝，都通过黄帝来论证自身的合理性、权威性。在这种文化背景下，董仲舒却放弃了黄帝崇拜，创立了三统论的历史观，把大一统思想的历史依据放在远没有黄帝久远的夏、商、周三代。董仲舒大一统思想的实质，是在天下政治统一的基础上，实现儒家传统的三代王道政治理想，这与三种已有的大一统实践模式的内涵都存在显著差别。董仲舒放弃黄帝崇拜，创立三统论，是从历史观上对三种大一统实践模式的批判。在此基础上，他以儒家传统的三代王道政治为内核，对大一统进行了理想重构。%From the Qin dynasty to Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty,there were three political and administrative models of national unification,that is,the unity with tyranny in the Qin dynasty,the unity with natural administration in the early Han dynasty and the unity with numerous political de-sires in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty,The three models all worshiped the Yellow Emperor with whom they justified their authority and rationality.Even in this cultural context,Dong Zhongshu,a thinker and a Confucianist of the West Han dynasty,abandoned the worship of the Yellow Emperor and created his theory of three-dynasty unification based on the practice of the Xia, the Shang and the Zhou dynasties.The nature of his theory of three-dynasty unification is based on the political unification of the three dynasties following the tradition of Confucianism,which is quite different from the three previous models as well as a critical reconstruction of the ideal of national uni-fication.