从审美的反思判断到政治的反思判断--论利奥塔对康德美学的继承与扬弃

摘要

By Kant’s aesthetics,especia11y by the inheritance and sub1ation of Kant’s theory of sub1ime and ref1ective judgment,Lyotard,the French phi1osopher,deve1oped his postmodern aesthetics of the sub1ime. Lyotard app1ied the sub1ime to the idea of history events,and made further efforts to breach the 1imit of epistemo1ogy. His purpose was to show that peop1e’s historica1 exp1oration a1ways needs the way of thinking and the discourse type in p1ura1 form. Borrowed the ref1ective judgment in aesthetics,Lyotard tried to find the reasonab1e basis of the judgment in po1itics,so as to find socia1 justice,and deve1oped a kind of micro-po1itics with poetic temperament. This view,which is different from rea1po1itik and po1i-tics of c1ass,and betrays the phi1osophy featured with identity and subjectivity from ancient Greec,repre-sents the rethinking of the contemporary French inte11ectua1s to modern Western civi1ization.%法国哲学家利奥塔通过对康德美学，尤其是康德关于崇高范畴和反思性判断力等思想观念的继承与扬弃建构起自己的后现代崇高美学。利奥塔把崇高范畴运用到对历史事件的思考中，进一步突破了认识论限制，目的是说明人类对历史的探索始终需要复数形式的思考方式和话语类型。他试图经由审美的反思判断发现政治判断的合理依据，以此寻求社会公正，从而发展出一种具有诗性气质的微观政治学。这一不同于现实政治和阶级政治的设想是对自古希腊以降同一性主体哲学的“离经叛道”，代表了法国当代知识分子对现代西方文明的反思。