“虚”与“实”是重要的古典文学理论范畴，被广泛运用于诗词批评领域。“虚”侧重抒写主观之情思，形成诗词空灵疏朗之意蕴；“实”侧重描写客观之景物，使诗词具有质实厚重之内涵。“虚实”论是对诗词审美特质的认识。刘师培从“形似”与“神似”、“写实”与“形容”“客观文学”与“主观文学”三个方面探讨文章之“实”与“虚”，体现了对文章这一古老的实用性文体的审美特质的认识，具有较重要的文章学史意义。%“Fictitiousness”and“Actuality”are important concepts in the classic theory of literature and widely used in the field of poetry and Ci criticism.“Fictitiousness”is for expression of subjective emotions, which contributes to the intangible beauty.“Actuality”is for portrayal of objective scenes, which contributes to the tangible content of poetic works. Liu Shi-pei’s views of fictitiousness and actuality are detailed in his discussion of the Likeness in Form vs. Likeness in Spirit, Actuality Narrating vs. Rhetoric Description, Objective Literature vs. Subjective Literature. His views reveal the aesthetic characteristics of articles. His views are of great significance in the theories of article science.
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