马克思主义“经济道德”何以可能--基于康德理性主义道德学原理的论证

摘要

马克思主义“经济道德”只有建立在以康德为代表的理性主义道德学原理之上而不能建立在以边沁为代表的功利主义原理之上才是可能的。因为康德理性主义道德学原理认为，唯有当经济行为不以追求财富为目的，经济道德才是可能的；以快乐和痛苦作为道德的判定标准不具有普遍性，因而不能成为行为“法则”。经济行为的具体环节可以从道德法则出发，但只能成就相对性经济道德，而不能使整体性的经济行为获得道德本质。西方学者试图联接经济行为与道德价值观的“经济渗透道德”的论证是不成立的。经济行为是在某种价值观预设下的行为，但不能从根本上改变经济行为以“质料”为目标的行为本质。%Ethical rationalism represented by Kant, instead of utilitarianism championed by Bentham, is the only theoretical basis of Marxist economic ethics. Kant’s ethical rationalism holds that only when economic behaviors do not run after wealth can economic ethics be accessible. Happiness and unhap-piness cannot be taken as universal criteria for ethics, and thus cannot be considered rules of human behaviors. The specific aspects of economic behaviors can follow some ethical rules, but this can only render such aspects themselves relatively ethical rather than enabling the economic activities as a whole to be morally right in essence. Hence, it is groundless for western scholars to build a connection be-tween economic behaviors and ethics. Economic behaviors can be guided by some presupposed values, but their pursuit of wealth is not likely to be changed.