经学与清代文论之建构

摘要

Confucian Classics is the most important theoretical background of the construction of literary theory in Qing dynasty;therefore,the former exerted an inevitable influence on the latter.This influence can be seen from three dimen-sions.First of all,the ideology of Confucian Classics emerged into the literary theory of different literary forms in Qing dynasty.As the main ideology of Qing dynasty,Confucian Classics had different degrees of permeation on the literary theory of various literary forms such as poem,prose,song,novel and opera.Secondly,Confucian Classics provided tre-mendous vital categories and propositions for literary theory in Qing dynasty.On one hand,some literary categories and propositions such assatiremetaphor and analogy,comment the man and the world are frequently used by literary theory scholars.On the other hand,some philosophical categories and propositions such as study of nature,loyalty and forgiveness,transformation,having substance in speech,order of word are also often used by them.Third-ly,the methods of Confucian Classics are used to illustrate literary theory,which mainly includeto establish meaning in accordance with scriptures,positivism,explain classics using classics,from the beginning to the ending.%清代诗文、词赋、小说、戏曲各体文论高度繁荣并超越此前任何时代，虽然具有多方面原因，但经学影响是最关键的因素之一。因为清代经学的“复盛”构成了文论建构发展的最重要思想背景，从而使清代各体文论之建构发展不可避免地受其影响。这种影响主要从三个维度展开：其一，经学思想观念对清代各体文论的渗入浸润。诗论作为清代文论之主体，其重要诗学观的提出、经典诗学著述及重要诗论家都受经学思想的影响。清代云间、阳羡、常州等重要词派的理论主张都与经学密切相关。作为清代散文理论的典型代表，桐城派几代人的散文理论始终坚守宋学立场，并吸纳汉学之合理因素而与时俱进。经学思想对清代小说理论的影响，主要体现在对于小说创作动机论及小说功能价值观的论述方面。清代“劝惩”、“风教”等戏曲功能观的提出及洪昇、孔尚任等对戏曲创作“旨趣”的强调都根源于经学。其二，经学为清代文论提供了大量的重要范畴、命题。一方面经学中的文论范畴、命题如“怨刺”、“比兴”、“知人论世”等为清代文论家所经常运用，另一方面经学中的哲学范畴、命题如“格物”、“忠恕”、“通变”、“言有物”、“言有序”等也为清代文论家所经常运用，其三，经学方法被文论家用于文论阐释和论证。主要包括“依经立义”、“实证考据”、“以经解经”、“自源达流”等方法。立足经学立场研究清代文论才能切入关键，从而深及骨髓。