论南宋“吃菜事魔”与明教、白莲教的关系

摘要

Chicaishimo, as a heresy rejected by the government in the Southern Song Dynasty, originated not possibly with the purpose of religion or politics, but most probably from economic appeals, which was not recognized by the ruling class, and therefore developed into a folk religion rebelling against the orthodox ideology. Through overturning the original feudal norms based on consanguinity ethics. In the essence, the government didn’t care about their religious doctrines but whether their reli-gious activities publicized any anti-government tendency, and the literati and officials cared more about whether their spirits vio-lated Confucian values. Thus, the social elites combined Chicaishimo with Manichean and the White Lotus Society to suggest their anti-government tendency. In fact, there was a certain similarity of belief connotation and external marks between Chic-aishimo and the White Lotus Society.%作为南宋时各种异端宗教的总称的“吃菜事魔”，是不被官方意识形态接纳的宗教异端。统治政权将之视为颠覆了原本平静的乡村社会基于血缘伦理关系建构的人伦秩序的邪恶力量，最终成为不为官方政治秩序与正统意识形态所容的具有反叛意识与潜在破坏力的民间宗教组织。从本质上讲，政府并不关心这类民间宗教组织所崇奉的教义的具体内容，他们最关心这些组织的集会和作为集会延伸的宗教活动是否具有反政府性质；士大夫最关心的则是这些团体集会的精神动因以及终极诉求是否合乎儒家价值。社会精英将明教、白莲教同“吃菜事魔”串连在一起，并暗示三者都具有阴暗的反政府与反社会倾向。事实上两者在信仰内涵与外在符号上的确有一定的趋同性。