Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) not only play important physiological functions in human health, they are also closely correlated with individual survival, growth, development, and reproduction in fish. Because marine fish have a low capability or inability to synthetize HUFA, high proportions of HUFA-rich fish oil must be added to compound feedstuff. With the rapid development of aquaculture, fish oil is facing an increasing shortage. Researchers are trying to find a way to improve endogenous HUFA biosynthesis by fish with the intention of in-creasing the ratio of vegetable oil in formula feeds. The clarification of regulation mechanisms of HUFA biosyn-thesis will help in achieving this goal. This paper highlights the main factors and mechanisms affecting HUFA biosynthesis, including nutritional factors such as dietary lipid sources, ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in diets, vitamins, and minerals; environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and photope-riod; and transcription factors, hormones, and genetic factors. We hope this information will be a useful reference for future studies on the regulation mechanisms of HUFA biosynthesis in fish.% 由于海水鱼类的高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)合成能力一般缺乏或很弱，所以其配合饲料中需要添加较高比例富含 HUFA 的鱼油才能满足其正常生理功能的需要。随着鱼油资源的日益紧缺，研究者们试图寻找提高鱼体内源性 HUFA 合成能力的方法或途径，以提高配合饲料中植物油替代鱼油的比例，而 HUFA 合成调控机制的阐明将有助于达到此目的。本文着重介绍影响鱼类 HUFA 生物合成的主要因素及其作用机理，包括不同脂肪源、日粮中n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例、维生素和矿物质等营养因子，温度、盐度、光周期等环境因子，以及转录因子、激素与遗传因子等，以期为鱼类 HUFA 合成调控机制的深入研究提供参考。
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