“举刺予夺”：明季野史笔记的重要特征

摘要

“Praise or degrade”was an important feature of unofficial history in the late Ming Dynasty.The politi-cal corruption and dangerous society,untended official historic records and dereliction of duty of the official histori-ans were reasons for the feature,as well as the personal element of keeping a historic record and discussion.The feature prospered in the mid -Ming Dynasty,reached the climate during the replacement of Ming Dynasty by Qing Dynasty,and recessed in the Qing Dynasty.“Praise or degrade”embodied strong realistic and critical characteris-tics.The feature had carried on the tradition of emphasis on praising and degrading since the Song Dynasty.On the one hand,it was beneficial to the manifestation of historians′subjective consciousness;on the other hand,it boos-ted the emptiness of comments.“Praise or degrade”was popular but restrained,which reflected the irresistible conservative element in Chinese history study.%明季野史笔记表现出“举刺予夺”的重要特征。政治腐败、社会险恶是其社会土壤；官史失修、史官失职是其史学动因；存史意识、立言情结是其心理基础。这种史学风格自明中叶开始兴盛，明清鼎革之际达到颠峰，入清后逐渐跌入低谷。“举刺予夺”具有强烈的现实性和批判性品格。这一特征延续宋代以来注重褒贬的史学风气，一方面有利于史家主体意识的彰显，另一方面也助长了驰骋议论的空疏之风。明季“举刺予夺”之风纵然炽烈，也未能挣脱桎梏，反映出中国史学中保守因素的难以抗拒性。