柏拉图认为，分工就是专业化，一个人专门从事某一行业。分工的原因在于，每个人既非兼才又非多才，只能做一件事情。他将社会分为三个阶层：第一阶层统治者主管政治，第二阶层武士主管军事，第三阶层生产者主管经济。生产者内部进行二级分工，如农夫、织匠、木匠等。马克思的分工论论述中多处引用柏拉图对分工的论述，对柏拉图的分工理论给予较高的评价，检讨了柏拉图分工理论的特点和得失，并提出柏拉图时代几乎不存在的第二类分工。%Plato believes that division of work is specialization that an individual does one specific job. The reason of division of labor is that an individual is not versatile and can only accomplish one thing at a time. He divides society into three hierarchies:the first hierarchy is the rulers who take charge of politics; the second is the knights who take charge of military and the third is the producers who take charge of economy. He makes a secondary division within producer, such as farmers, weavers, carpenters and so on. Marx’s theory of division of labor quotes Plato’s analysis of division of labor many times and gives it a high evaluation. He analyzes the characteristics, the merits and demerits of Plato’s theory of division of labor and proposes that there was no existence of the secondary division of labor in Plato’s times.
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