基因组编辑技术及其在植物遗传改良上的应用

摘要

Technology of precise genome editing based on the transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)and the type II clustered regularly interpaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9 )has been a powerful auxiliary tool for research on genetic functions and improvements of plants.TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 can induce a double strand break (DSB)between the bound sequence resulting in cellular repairs on DSB through either the homologous recombination (HR)or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ )pathway prior to making modifications on the target genome.This article reviews the information relevant to TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 based on the structure characteristics,action principle and applications of target modification on plants.Potential applications of the advanced technology were also discussed.%以类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶（transcription activator-like effector nucleases，TALENs）和 II 型CRISPR （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats）为代表的基因组编辑技术，是植物基因功能研究和遗传改良的一种高效辅助工具。TALENs 和 CRISPR／Cas9能够精确地在植物基因组 DNA 序列上造成双链断裂（double strand break，DSB），激发细胞自身同源重组（homologous recombination，HR）和非同源末端接合（nonhomologous end-joining，NHEJ）的修复机制，从而完成对植物基因组的靶向修饰。本研究对这2种基因组编辑技术在结构特征、技术原理以及在植物靶向修饰上的应用展开了综述，并对 TALENs 和 CRISPR／Cas9系统的应用前景进行了展望。