Because of excellent optical, mechanical and electrical properties, graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticle is widely used in the area of sensors, aerospace, new energy and disease diagnosis. With the increasing amount of graphene usage, the environmental health risks of GO are becoming more and more concerned. Therefore, clarify the environmental behavior and ecological effect of GO is the key to evaluate the ecological potential risk and understand its bio-safety. This paper reviewed the progress of the occurrence and migration characteristic of GO in different environmental matrix, and the toxic effects and related potential mechanism of GO on aquatic organism, terrestrial plants, rats and microorganisms found in recent years were also summarized. GO mainly forms stable colloids in water and shown resistance to biodegradation and easy migration among multi-mediums. Moreover, GO could enter into the cells of alga, fish, plant, rat and microorganism and had the characteristics of difficult degradation and easy multi-mediums migration. GO also could enter the algae, fish, plants, rats, and microbial cells and causd oxidative stress reactions leading to inflammation and damage of the various organelles and organization and further causd abnormal of organs. In addition, GO could also lead to genetic toxicity, such as DNA oxidative damage and DNA breakage, and also abnormal expression of microRNA which related to reproductive toxicity. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the environmental behavior and toxicity of GO in different environmental media. In the future, quantitative analysis of GO nanoparticle exposure, interaction between oxidized graphene and biological macromolecules and long-term low doses effects of GO exposure should be further studied. In this paper, the environmental behavior and toxicity effects of GO are reviewed and it can provide a theoretical reference for further elucidating the health risks of GO.%由于具有优异的光学、力学、电学特性,氧化石墨烯纳米材料被广泛应用于传感、航空航天、新能源、疾病诊断等方面.随着氧化石墨烯的大量生产和广泛应用,其对环境的健康风险也日益引起关注.阐明氧化石墨烯的潜在毒性效应及其作用机制,对于科学客观评价其对人体和生态环境健康风险具有十分重要的意义.文章在总结了纳米氧化石墨烯在不同环境介质中的迁移、转化行为基础上、系统综述了氧化石墨烯对水生生物、陆生植物、大鼠以及微生物的毒害效应并探讨了氧化石墨烯生物毒害效应的可能机制.研究发现,氧化石墨烯在环境介质中主要形成稳定胶体且具有难以降解和易于多介质间迁移等特点;同时,氧化石墨烯还可以进入藻类、鱼类、植物、大鼠以及微生物细胞内并引起氧化应激反应导致炎症发生、多种细胞器损伤和组织器官形态异常.此外,研究还发现纳米氧化石墨烯还会导致DNA氧化损伤和DNA断裂等遗传毒性和诱导生殖毒性相关的小RNA异常表达.因此,对不同环境介质中纳米氧化石墨烯的环境行为和毒性效应进行深入研究具有十分重要的意义.今后可在纳米氧化石墨烯的暴露定量分析,纳米氧化石墨烯与生物大分子间的交互作用及长期低剂量下纳米氧化石墨烯的毒性效应3个方面加强研究.文章可为进一步阐明氧化石墨烯的健康风险提供理论参考.
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