Breast milk not only provides optimal nutrition for neonates and infants but is a vehicle for transmission of bacteria and viruses from mother to her baby.Colostrum especially is rich in microorganisms and breastfeeding makes neonates and infants exposed to microorganisms contained in breast milk,which stimulates intestinal immune function of neonates and infants.Sources of microorganisms in human milk are mainly based on two hypotheses,contamination hypothesis and active migration hypothesis.There is growing evidence supporting that microorganisms contained in human milk are not from environmental pollution but from migration of bacteria from mother's intestine to mammary gland through endogenous pathway (pathways of intestine to mammary gland) and entering infants through breast feeding.Healthy human milk is rich in microorganisms at various stage and species are rather complex.Microorganisms components in human milk have obvious host dependence and microbe species in different individuals are obviously different.Microbe composition and quantity in breast milk of same mother also has dynamic changes.Breastfeeding contributes to growth and colonization of probiotics in infant's intestine tract.Breast milk contains multiple live bacteria and free bacterial DNA imprints,playing key role in activating innate immune system,programming neonatal immune system,developing intestine immune function and reducing susceptibility trajectory to infectious diseases.Microorganisms in human milk work in coordination with variety of immunocompetent cells and soluble immune active ingredients in promoting neonatal intestinal development,and initiation and maturation of neonatal immune function.But cesarean section affects colonization of intestinal flora in neonates.Every mother should feed baby with breast milk.%母乳除了为新生儿和婴儿提供最佳的营养,而且还是从母体转运细菌和病毒到婴儿的载体;尤其是初乳中富含微生物,通过母乳喂养让新生儿和婴儿暴露母乳中含有的多种微生物,刺激新生儿和婴儿的肠道免疫功能.人乳中微生物的来源主要集中在污染学说和进化学说两个方面,越来越多的证据支持人乳中含有的微生物来源于环境污染之外的途径,即母亲肠道中的细菌通过内源性途径迁移到乳腺(肠道-乳腺途径),再通过哺乳进入婴儿体内.健康乳母的各阶段乳汁中均含有丰富的微生物,且种类复杂;人乳中微生物成分具有明显的宿主依赖性,不同个体的母乳中微生物种类差异明显,即使是同一产妇,其母乳中微生物组成和数量也呈现动态变化.母乳喂养有助于婴儿肠道益生菌群的生长与定植,母乳中含有的多种活菌和游离的细菌DNA印迹在新生儿内源性免疫系统激活过程、编程新生儿的免疫系统、肠道免疫功能发育成熟及降低疾病易感性轨迹方面发挥关键作用.人乳中的微生物与多种具有免疫活性细胞和可溶性免疫活性成分等共同协调促进新生儿和婴儿肠道的发育、免疫功能的启动与成熟,而剖宫产则影响新生儿肠道菌群的定植.每个母亲应该用自己最珍贵的乳汁喂哺婴儿.
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