中国农民的环境公正意识与行动取向以小溪村为例

摘要

It is important to do some close examinations of environmental justice in local. Such pluralistic notions of environmental justice beyond the mainstream meaning of west countries, and will be the premises of global environmental governance. This paper provides a case study on environmental complaint in china, shows the local meaning of environmental justice. Few owners of the tungsten mine factory make a great profit by monopoly and free utilizing common resources, but leave serious ecological disaster in the local with zero cost on environment use. The phenomenon of ＇individual gain but collective pay＇ is the character in China today, which is also the root leading to villagers＇ unjust feelings and complaints. Environmental justice in China is different from its western definition, it is not ＇fair shares＇ of the environmental benefits and harms, and not in formal structures of environmental government and policy, but collective responsibility of government and enterprises which get great benefits from the common environment freely.%不同民族和文化对环境公正及运动的地方化理解，有别于西方主流含义，构成全球环境公正和环境治理的前提。本文以一个中国基层农村社区的居民反对当地钨矿开采而进行的上访为例，试图揭示在独特的产权结构下中国农民的环境公正意识及行动取向。在这一个案中，少数钨矿老板一方面通过垄断并无偿使用公共资源获得暴利，另一方面却将严重的生态问题以环境零成本的方式转嫁给当地。这种“私人赢利，集体买单”的现象，是村民感到环境不公的根源。与西方社会尤其是美国公众在“环境公正”问题上强调“公平分配”环境利益与环境危害立法的政治参与诉求不同，当前中国农民在环境公正问题上的关注，主要集中在政府与企业在无偿获得公共利益的同时是否承担相应的集体或社会责任方面。