寨卡病毒病若干流行病学问题

摘要

Zika virus belongs to Aedes mosquito-borne flavivirus.In response to the current cluster of congenital malformations (microcephaly) and other neurological complications (Guillain-Barré Syndrome) that could be linked to Zika virus infection,WHO declares that Zika virus is of global public health importance.Data sources were from peer review articles and WHO documents.The sources of Zika virus infection would include patients,people with asymptomatic infections and primates.The infectious period of Zika virus remains unclear.However,according to the period that RNA of Zika virus can be positively detected in blood,saliva,urine or semen,we can presume that the communicable period may last for 2 months or even longer.Zika virus is primarily transmitted to humans by infected Aedes spp.mosquitoes.Presumptive vertical,blood or sexual routes of transmission have been reported.More evidence indicated the existence of a cause-effect relationship between Zika virus infection and congenital microcephaly/Guillain-Barre syndrome.Strategies include successful control the amount of mosquitoes and minimize the contacts between mosquitoes and human beings could effectively prevent the Zika virus transmission.Other preventive measures as cutting off vertical,blood or sexual routes of transmission should also be adopted.The epidemiology of Zika virus remains uncertain which calls for further research.%寨卡病毒病是由寨卡病毒引起并主要通过蚊媒传播的一种病毒性疾病.2015年在美洲地区发生大规模的传播与流行,因可能与新生儿小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征有关,2016年2月被WHO列为全球紧急公共卫生事件.本文搜集期刊、在线论文及WHO文件进行综述.寨卡病毒病的传染源主要为患者、隐性感染者及非人灵长类动物等;目前该病传染期尚不明确,但通过患者血液、唾液、精液及尿液DNA检测期推断,其传染期至少可达2个月;寨卡病毒主要经虫媒传播,但也可能通过母婴、血液及性传播.目前越来越多的证据支持寨卡病毒感染与小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征,脑膜脑炎以及其他神经和自身免疫综合征之间存在因果关系,但仍需更多的研究予以证实.依靠灭蚊、防蚊可阻断绝大多数的寨卡病毒感染,但仍需采取更多的措施预防寨卡病毒通过母婴、血液及性传播.该病目前仍有一系列的流行病学问题尚待解决,亟需更多的研究以全面地了解其流行病学规律.