说汉代“孺子”称谓

摘要

The early use of the term of child can be found in the materials of the Pre-Qin Dynasty.In Qian Daxin’s opinion, child is the address form only for the noble ones who are inferior to the emperors and are not the first child of the wife .However , its use in actual situation is to some extent complicated .According to the use of address forms in the Han Dynasty , it can be found that the term of child is usually used to refer to non-adult young children .And sometimes , it is also used to refer to adults with the connotation of contempt .To some extent, it is helpful to understand the non-adults’ status in the Han Dynasty from this perspective .Later, the folk’ s respect and admiration for officials is termed as being adored as a child , which is the reflection of the lower class ’ slavery psychology .%“孺子”称谓的早期使用见于先秦典籍。钱大昕以为“孺子”为“贵者之称”，“天子以下，嫡长为后者，乃得称‘孺子’”。然而实际情形是比较复杂的。考察汉代社会称谓使用的具体实例，可以看到“孺子”多用以指代一般未成年幼童。在有的情况下，“孺子”指称成年人，则有鄙视之义。由此理解汉代社会未成年人的地位，也是有益的。后来民众对官员的崇敬爱戴被称作“孺慕”，则是下层社会以“贱子”自卑的奴性心理的表现。