Spatial language: Insights from sign and spoken languages.

摘要

This dissertation examined how sign and spoken languages represent space in their linguistic systems by proposing the Crossmodal Spatial Language Hypothesis (CSLH), which claims that the features from spatial input are not necessarily mapped on the spatial descriptions regardless of modality and language. Moreover, CSLH explains that the way languages convey spatial relations is bound to the representational system: Spatial Representations (SR), Reference Frames (RF), Temporal Representations (TR), Conceptual Structure (CS), and Linguistic Representations (LR).;To test the hypothesis, a systematic study of spatial language (sign, speech, and co-speech gestures) on the data obtained from experiments and elicitation tasks was conducted in sign languages (TID, HZJ, ASL, and OGS) and spoken languages (Turkish, English, and Croatian). The findings uncovered a large amount of variation in the signed and spoken descriptions of static situations and dynamic situations. Additionally, despite some shared characteristics of the two domains, the analyses indicated that space and time are encoded in SR and TR. The results provided supporting evidence for CSLH.;The findings suggested that language users construct a spatial relation between the objects in a given time, employ a reference frame, which may not be encoded in the message, and use the same conceptual structure comprised of BE-AT for static spatial situations and GO-BE-AT for static dynamic situations. Experimental results also showed that language users do not have to distinguish left/right from front/back, in/on from at, to from toward, cause from go, and cause to move from cause to move together in their descriptions. Interestingly, the descriptions involved go-type predicates (go, walk) for both static and dynamic situations.;Further analyses revealed not only a modality effect (signers > speakers) but also a language effect. Careful consideration of the data revealed that there were similarities and differences within and across modalities. Future study can shed more light on these variations and patterns.