Estimating surface water presence and infiltration for intermittent streams in the semi-arid Southwest.

摘要

Ephemeral streams with spatially and temporally variable flow are important ecological settings in semi-arid desert environments that until now have been poorly characterized. Our quantitative analysis explores how intermittent stream hydrology varies across geomorphic (mountain streams to desert washes) and climatic gradients (150-400 mm precipitation) in Southern Arizona. Stream channels were instrumented for the first time with a co-deployment of vertical profiles of subsurface temperature sensors, and electrical resistance (ER) sensors on the bed surface. HYDRUS 1-D was used to simulate vertical unsaturated flow, and differences along hydrologic, topographic, and climatic gradients were compared. Annual surface water presence varied <1% -- 82% of the year, and reach-normalized infiltration water volumes were 20,000 -- 2,500,000 m3km y . Surface water presence was correlated with geomorphic gradient, and infiltration volumes were correlated with surface water presence. This sensor co-deployment method has shown that ER sensors alone are necessary to estimate infiltration in semi-arid, poorly-sorted, coarse desert channels. The results of this hydrological study will be used in an ongoing project to increase our knowledge and characterization of intermittent streams to better understand land management and key ecological features on Department of Defense properties.