胚蛋注射对肉鸭能量代谢、孵化率、蛋白质代谢及生长性能的影响

摘要

肉鸭从孵化后期至出壳早期这段时间内经历能量和蛋白质底物利用的重要变化,这可能造成复杂的代谢应激使肉鸭后期的生长和发育潜能受到不利影响。本研究旨在探讨向孵化23天的鸭胚内注射碳水化合物和精氨酸对其孵化后期与新生雏鸭能量代谢、蛋白质状况及生长性能的影响。因此,选取650枚健康的受精鸭蛋随机分成五个组,每组130枚蛋,各组的处理情况为:(1)不注射作对照组；(2)注射NaCl:(3)蔗糖+麦芽糖(CHO)；(4)精氨酸(Arg)；(5)蔗糖+麦芽糖+精氨酸(CHO+Arg)。所有胚蛋注射液均用0.35％的NaCl配制。对照组不注射,但操作过程与处理组一样,胚蛋注射NaCl是为了检验注射CHO,Arg和CHO+Arg营养素的效果。在孵化的第23天,用注射器把1.2mL胚蛋注射营养液注入胚胎的羊水中。在孵化25d、出壳当天(0d)、3d和7d每组取10枚胚蛋或雏鸭来检测肝糖原与肌糖原水平、肝脏中葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性。胸肌中p70S6K1和AMPKα与B-actin的相对表达量。度量了孵化率。在出壳当天(0d)、3d、7d、14d、21d、28d和35d对肉鸭进行称重。肉鸭出壳后整个试验期自由饮水和采食,日粮配方按照中国家禽饲养标准NY/T33-2004进行配制,满足其营养需要。所有试验操作遵守动物营养和饲料科学系分子营养实验室的操作规范。数据分析采用ANOVA程序(SAS,1996),P<0.05表示差异显著。
　　 结果显示孵化率最高的是CHO+Arg的处理组,为93％；然后依次是注射Arg(87％)、不注射(86％)、NaCl(74％)和CHO(69％)。注射Arg和CHO+Arg的处理组出壳时肝糖原含量与对照组相比分别提高了187.85％和249.42％,差异为显著(P<0.05)与极显著(P<0.01)；注射CHO和CHO+Arg的处理组极显著(P<0.01)提高了孵化25天时肌糖原含量,与对照组相比分别提高了21.80％和41.80％。注射CHO和单独注射Arg降低了葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性,而出壳当天NaCl和CHO+Arg处理组葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性与对照组相比分别提高了30.2％和19.79％。在孵化第25d,胚蛋注射Arg和/或CHO肌肉中p70S6K1活性分别提高了105％和69.47％,而磷酸化的p70S6K1分别提高了232.87％和215.06,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01。相似的,胚蛋注射Arg和CHO+Arg的处理组在孵化第25天时AMPKα活性分别提高了97.22％和75.92％,差异显著(P<0.05)。在出壳后3d,胚蛋注射CHO+Arg的处理组肌肉中p70S6K1活性提高了84.74％,磷酸化的S6K1提高了81.35％。与未注射的对照组相比,胚蛋注射的处理组雏鸭在出壳当天、3d、7d和14d时体重极显著增加(P<0.01)。肝糖原含量与葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性成正相关(r=0.52；P<0.05),并与体重呈正相关(r=0.79；P<0.05),而与肌糖原成负相关关系(r=-0.63:P<0.05)。
　　 本研究结果显示,胚蛋注射碳水化合物和精氨酸会提高糖原和蛋白储量,这将为胚胎的存活与快速生长提供能量,改善雏鸭的生长性能。同时,本研究也建立了一种新技术,为胚胎向雏鸭过渡阶段提供营养物质。

目录

文摘

英文文摘

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Introduction

Chapterl

1.1 Considering duck egg as a nutrient sources for growing embryos

1.2 How do duck's embryos nourish during incubation?

1.2.1 Nutrition during germination and early post-germination of duck embryos

1.2.2 Nutrition during maturation of duck embryos

1.2.3 Nutrition during preparation of the emergence of ducklings from egg shell

1.3 How is yolk sac nutrient utilized during perinatal growth?

1.4 Interorgan metabolism of energy substrates during embryonic incubation and neonatal period

1.4.1 Liver tissue

1.4.2 Pectoral muscle

1.4.3 Metabolic cooperation between the liver tissue and pectoral muscle in perinatal nutrition

1.5 Which factors affect embryonic and neonatal energy nutrition?

1.6 Supply of nutritive solutions into the avian embryos

1.6.1 Procedures and appropriate developmental stage of nutrient injection into the embryos

1.6.2 Previous and current in ovo nutritive solution supply in poultry

1.6. 3 Nutrients susceptible to improve the metabolic rates in avian embryos

1.6.4 Osmoregulatory effects on embryonic survival and growth

1.6.5 Benefits of feeding growing embryos with exogenous nutrients

1.7 Macronutrients: Metabolic assimilation, nutrient metabolism, final product biosynthesis and use by the growing embryos and neonates

1.7.1 Carbohydrate metabolism in the growing embryos and neonates

1.7. 2 Amino acid metabolism in embryos and neonates

1.7. 3 Lipid and fatty acid metabolism in developing embryos and neonates

1.7.4 A synergistic approach of macronutrient metabolism in growing embryos and neonates

1.7.5 The enzymatic regulation of energy metabolism in growing embryos and neonates

1.8 Protein deposition for energy substrate biosynthesis in improving perinatal energy metabolic rates

1.9 Summary

Chapter 2

2.1 In ovo nutritive solution ingredients

2.2 Initial analyses relating to the administration of nutritive solutions into the duck embryos

2.2.1 In ovo nutrient administration

2.2.2 Observations and comments concerning the embryo injection

Chapter 3

3.1 THE EFFECTS OF IN OVO FEEDING WITH CARBOHYDRATES AND ARGININE ON ENERGY METABOLISM AT 25 DAYS OF INCUBATION, HATCH, 3 DAYS AND 7 DAYS POAT-HATCH

3.1.1 EXPERIMENT 1

3.1.2 EXPERIMENT 2

3.1.3 EXPERIMENT 3

3.2 THE EFFECTS OF IN OVO FEEDING WITH CARBOHYDRATES AND ARGININE ON THE HATCHABILITY IN DUCKS

3.3 THE EFFECTS OF IN OVO FEEDING WITH CARBOHYDRATES AND ARGININE ON BODY GROWTH IN DUCKS

Chapter 4

4.1 Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and arginine on p70S6K1 activation in duck embryo and neonatal duckling pectoral muscle

4.2 Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and arginine on p70S6K1 phosphorylation (P-S6K1) in duck embryo and neonatal duckling pectoral muscle.

4.3 Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and arginine on the activation of the AMPK in duck embryo and neonatal duckling pectoral muscle

4.4 Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and arginine on phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK) protein levels in duck embryo and neonatal duckling pectoral muscle

Chapter 5

5.1 Conclusions

5.1.1 Energy metabolism

5.1.2 Protein anabolism

5.1.3 Productive performance

5. 2 Prospects for future research

REFERENCES

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND PUBLICATIONS