Comparison of Chemical Oxidation, Bioremediation, and Steam Extraction for In Situ Treatment of Pharmaceuticals and DNAPL at a Danish Megasite

摘要

Groundwater beneath the K?rgard Plantage megasite in Denmark is contaminated with a high-strength complex mixture of pharmaceutical manufacturing waste constituents including sulfa drugs, barbiturates, aniline, pyridine, chlorinated solvents (chloroethenes), fuel hydrocarbons, mercury, cyanide, and lithium. Wastes were disposed in six pits that continue to leach significant quantities of contaminants to groundwater. A series of laboratory and field pilot tests were conducted to evaluate performance of five in situ technologies for remediating residual contaminant mass in the waste pits: (1) modified Fenton's reagent (MFR); (2) activated sodium persulfate (ASP); (3) biological enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) via biostimulation/bioaugmentation; (4) sequenced MFR/ERD; and (5) steam-enhanced extraction (SEE). The objective of this work was to identify the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable remedial solutions for the site.