Online monitoring of a physical phenomenon over a geographical area is a popular application of sensor networks. Networks representative of this class of applications are typically operated in one of two modes, viz. an always-on mode where every sensor reading is streamed to a base station, possibly after in-network aggregation, and a snapshot mode where a user queries the network for an instantaneous summary of the observed field. However, a continuum of data acquisition policies exists between these two extreme modes, depending upon the rate and manner in which each sensor node is queried. In this work, we explore this continuum to improve network energy efficiency. We present a data acquisition framework that models the evolution of the observed data field at each sensor location as a function of time and uses an active learning based criterion to intelligently sample each sensor. Sensor nodes in our framework are organized in a clustered hierarchy. Time-dependent models of sensor readings are maintained at cluster-head nodes, which sample nodes in their cluster in a way that minimizes total energy consumption while maintaining confidence bounds on the overall model. We use sparse Gaussian processes to model sensor readings and variance minimization based active learning to intelligently select sensor nodes for querying. Finally, we present simulation results demonstrating up to 70% savings in total network energy, compared to the base case, in which sensors are sampled according to a cyclic schedule.
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