asthma

摘要： Asthma is the most common chronic pulmonary disease in the world,affecting more than three hundred million people from different races and age groups.Childhood asthma is considered one of the main causes of increased healthcare expenditures,particularly in developing countries.Spirometry is the most essential and commonly used lung function test.It is used mainly for the evaluation of lung function to obtain reliable data used for the detection of lung diseases,such as asthma,as well as for monitoring lung health.The two spirometry parameters,peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR)and forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1),are effective in the diagnosis and management of patients with asthma.However,FEV1 is preferred as it is a more accurate parameter compared to PEFR for the evaluation and recognition of bronchoconstriction.In children with asthma,the most commonly used lung function parameter for asthma monitoring is FEV1.It was discovered that a decrease in FEV1 is associated with an increase in asthma severity.

摘要： Short acting β2-agonists(SABAs)such as salbutamol and terbutaline are commonly used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).According to the guideline produced by the British Thoracic Society(BTS)and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network(SIGN),SABAs are considered to be the first line of treatment in asthma management.The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)guidelines also recommend the use of SABA as the first line of treatment for managing patients with COPD.The recommendations in NICE guidelines state that in COPD patients,breathlessness and exercise limitation should be first medicated with short-acting bronchodilators(including β2-agonists or anticholinergics)when it is required.Both salbutamol and terbutaline have been widely used for asthma and COPD,and they have been found to be extremely beneficial in the two pathologic conditions.

摘要： Objective S100A11 is a member of the S100 calcium-binding protein family and has intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities.We previously reported that S100A11 was differentially expressed in the respiratory tracts of asthmatic rats as compared with normal controls.Here,we aimed to analyze the potential of S100A11 to regulate both allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR)as well as acetylcholine(ACh)-induced hypercontractility of airway smooth muscle(ASM)and contraction of ASM cells(ASMCs).Methods Purified recombinant rat S100A11 protein(rS100A11)was administered to OVA-sensitized and challenged rats and then the AHR of animals was measured.The relaxation effects of rS100A11 on ASM were detected using isolated tracheal rings and primary ASMCs.The expression levels of un-phosphorylated myosin light chain(MLC)and phosphorylated MLC in ASMCs were analyzed using Western blotting.Results Treatment with rS100A11 attenuated AHR in the rats.ASM contraction assays showed that rS100A11 reduced the contractile responses of isolated tracheal rings and primary ASMCs treated with ACh.In addition,rS100A11 markedly decreased the ACh-induced phosphorylation of the myosin light chain in ASMCs.Moreover,rS100A11 also suppressed the contractile response of tracheal rings in calcium-free buffer medium.Conclusion These results indicate that S100A11 protein can relieve AHR by relaxing ASM independently of extracellular calcium.Our data support the idea that S100A11 is a potential therapeutic target for reducing airway resistance in asthma patients.

摘要： Background:As asthma symptoms worsen,patients typically rely on short-actingβ2-agonist(SABA)rescue therapy,but SABAs do not address worsening inflammation,which leaves patients at risk for severe asthma exacerbations.The use of a fixed-dose combination of albuterol and budesonide,as compared with albuterol alone,as rescue medication might reduce the risk of severe asthma exacerbation.

摘要： Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Astragalus Injection on asthma.Methods:CNKI,VIP,Wan Fang Database,Medline,Embase,Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for published researches up to November,2020.Randomized controlled trials that focused on Astragalus Injection for asthma were included.We managed the data analysis with RevMan 5.3 software.Results:A total of 17 RCTs with 1648 patients were involved in the meta-analysis which indicated that Astragalus Injection could improve clinical efficacy[OR=4.72,95%CI(3.08,7.24),P<0.00001]and improve FEV1[MD=0.48,95%CI(0.32,0.64),P<0.00001],while reduce IL-4[MD=-6.29,95%CI(-8.91,-3.66),P<0.00001],IL-6[MD=-18.46,95%CI(-23.17,-13.75),P<0.00001]and IL-17[MD=-3.14,95%CI(-5.51,-0.76),P<0.00001]and decrease adverse events[OR=0.18,95%CI(0.08,0.43),P=0.0001].Conclusion:Astragalus Injection is more effective and of safety,but more RCTs are needed.

摘要： BACKGROUND The association between hospitalization for human respiratory syncytial virus(HRSV)bronchiolitis in early childhood and subsequent asthma is well established.The long-term prognosis for non-bronchiolitis lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI)caused by viruses different from HRSV and rhinovirus,on the other hand,has received less interest.AIM To investigate the relationship between infant LRTI and later asthma and examine the influence of confounding factors.METHODS The PubMed and Global Index Medicus bibliographic databases were used to search for articles published up to October 2021 for this systematic review.We included cohort studies comparing the incidence of asthma between patients with and without LRTI at≤2 years regardless of the virus responsible.The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model.Sources of heterogeneity were assessed by stratified analyses.RESULTS This review included 15 articles(18 unique studies)that met the inclusion criteria.LRTIs at≤2 years were associated with an increased risk of subsequent asthma up to 20 years[odds ratio(OR)=5.0,95%CI:3.3-7.5],with doctor-diagnosed asthma(OR=5.3,95%CI:3.3-8.6),current asthma(OR=5.4,95%CI:2.7-10.6),and current medication for asthma(OR=1.2,95%CI:0.7-3.9).Our overall estimates were not affected by publication bias(P=0.671),but there was significant heterogeneity[I 2=58.8%(30.6-75.5)].Compared to studies with hospitalized controls without LRTI,those with ambulatory controls had a significantly higher strength of association between LRTIs and subsequent asthma.The strength of the association between LRTIs and later asthma varied significantly by country and age at the time of the interview.The sensitivity analyses including only studies with similar proportions of confounding factors(gender,age at LRTI development,age at interview,gestational age,birth weight,weight,height,smoking exposure,crowding,family history of atopy,and family history of asthma)between cases and controls did not alter the overall estimates.CONCLUSION Regardless of the causative virus and confounding factors,viral LRTIs in children<2 years are associated with an increased risk of developing a subsequent asthma.Parents and pediatricians should be informed of this risk.

摘要： 1 Cold stress reshapes the immune status The winter of 2019 marked history with the advent of the COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic;Cross-country skiers are more susceptible to asthmatic symptoms than their peers in warmer places[1].The influenza virus causes a more severe infection in winter than in warmer seasons[2].These phenomena suggest that exposure to cold weather increases a person’s vulnerability to health concerns such as the aforementioned“colds”and asthma.While it is accepted that the term“cold”covers a wide array of ailments,it has long been questioned how cold weather brings forth these illnesses.The underlying mechanisms remain to be determined.

摘要： Objective:This study aimed to determine the effect of combined diaphragmatic breathing and therapeutic walking exercise on peak expiratory flow in asthma patients.Methods:The research design used a quasi-experiment nonequivalent pretest and posttest design.The research sample contained 38 respondents divided into intervention and control groups,selected by simple random sampling.The control group received standard drug therapy,while the intervention group received standard drug therapy and a combination of diaphragmatic breathing and therapeutic walking exercise for 2 weeks.This exercise was carried out in the morning,6 times a week,with 5 diaphragmatic breathing and exhalations per exercise.After that,a 1-min break was followed by a therapeutic walking exercise of 5–15 min,with an increased duration.Both groups measured the peak expiratory flow before and after the intervention using a peak flow meter.The data analysis used central tendency and t-test.Results:The results showed that the mean peak expiratory flow in the intervention group was 306.84,while in the control group,it was 232.63,with the value of the t-test being-14.17(P<0.0001).Conclusions:Diaphragmatic breathing and therapeutic walking exercise significantly increased the peak expiratory flow in asthma patients.

摘要： BACKGROUND Unilateral pulmonary hemorrhage is typically reported in young and healthy men with upper respiratory tract obstruction during anesthesia in special situations.Negative pressure in the lungs is created,resulting in negative pressure pulmonary edema(NPPE).CASE SUMMARY A 78-year-old male patient diagnosed with spinal stenosis was admitted to receive a unilateral laminectomy with bilateral decompression.The patient had been diagnosed with hypertension four years earlier and asthma more than 70 years earlier.We experienced a unilateral alveolar hemorrhage associated with NPPE that occurred in a longstanding asthma patient who bit the intubated endotracheal tube for a short period during posture change at the end of surgery.Because diffuse alveolar hemorrhage accompanied by NPPE was caused in this case by airway obstruction in an older patient with asthma without known risk factors,anesthesiologists should be careful not to induce airway irritation during anesthesia awakening in asthma patients.CONCLUSION Because diffuse alveolar hemorrhage accompanied by NPPE can occur,anesthesiologists should take care not to induce airway irritation.

摘要： Asthma is.a common and recurrent airway inflammatory disorder[1]that mainly presents as chronic arway inflammation.Immunological mechanism plays an important role in asthma occurrence and progression[2].Moreover,the gut is the largest immune organ in the human body and gut microbiota can promote immune system development and immune cell homeostasis regulation.Recent studies have found a new mechanism by which gut microbiota and asthma mutually promote and affect each other[3-5].Gut microbiota activates the mucosal immune system,promotes immune cell migration,and regulates lung immune homeostasis through immune cell metabolites(e.g,short-chain fatty acid)and ligands[6-8].

摘要： Background: Asthmatic airway inflammation is mediated by allergen-specific Th2response. Activation of PPARy is found to inhibit the airway inflammation in asthmatic models.however, the mechanism(s) underlying the action of PPARy activation in allergic airwayinflammation has not been revealed clearly.Methods: To investigate the role of PPARyactivation in allergic airway inflammation and to determine whether PPARy activation couldmodulate the balance of Th1/Th2 response, we examined the effects of PPARy activation onallergic airway inflammation, the levels of GATA-3 and T-bet mRNA transcripts in a murineasthmatic model. Results: Our data showed that treatment with Rosiglitazone significantlyreduced eosinophilia and mucous overproduction in the lungs. Furthermore, PPARy activationsignificantly down-regulated the levels of GATA-3 mRNA transcript, but increased theexpression of T-bet.Conclusions: Our data suggest that PPARy activation inhibits allergicairway inflammation in asthmatic mice by down-regulating allergen-induced predominate Th2responses, but enhancing Thl response, modulating the balance of Th2/Th1 responses.