A heat and moisture exchanger configured to be located between a respiratory system of a patient and an anesthesia circuit connected to an anesthesia apparatus, or a respiratory circuit connected to a respirator for maintaining a temperature and humidity of an aspired gas required to a patient under anesthesia or artificial respiration comprises a heat storage carrier material, and a moisture absorption and release material added to the heat storage carrier material. In the heat and moisture exchanger, at least one of density of the heat storage carrier material, number of cells of the heat storage carrier material, and an added amount of the moisture absorption and release material in the heat storage carrier material is set to decrease from the patient side to the side of the anesthesia apparatus or the respirator, along a flow direction of a respiratory gas in the heat storage carrier material.
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