An electrode random distribution high-density resistivity measurement method and an exploration system. The system consists of a central control station and a plurality of acquisition units. The central control station and the plurality of acquisition units are in communication connection therebetween by means of a wireless network. The acquisition unit consists of an acquisition station and two electrodes that are equipped with GPS positioning and that are connected by means of a cable. The electrodes may be randomly distributed according to on-site grounding conditions, and the GPSs arranged on the electrodes provide position coordinates of measured points. The acquisition station is controlled by the central control station and provides two working modes of power supply or potential measurement respectively. The data acquisition process adopts a parallel measurement means: selecting, in order, one acquisition unit to supply power, and all of the other acquisition units perform potential measurement. The electrode random distribution high-density resistivity measurement method has very high data acquisition efficiency and grounding conditions thereof are flexible, and the method is thus suitable for the exploration of cities and complex terrain environments which are difficult to pass through.
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