An ionic tissue stimulator comprises an ionic current circuit comprising first and second electrode tubes configured to be ionically coupled to tissue; and an AC power supply electrically coupled to and adapted to apply AC electrical voltage or current to the ionic current circuit, wherein the ionic current circuit has a first configuration while the AC power supply is in a first polarity that provides a closed-circuit path for a flow of ions between the first and second electrode tubes such that anions that flow into the first electrode tube are replaced by anions that flow out of the second electrode tube, and wherein the ionic current circuit has a second configuration while the AC power supply is in a second polarity that provides a closed-circuit path for the flow of ions between the first and second electrode tubes such that anions that flow into the first electrode tube are replaced by anions that flow out of the second electrode tube such that a DC ionic current is provided to the tissue in response to the AC electrical voltage or current.
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