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Adaptation to dislodgement risk on wave-swept rocky shores in the snail Littorina saxatilis

机译:适应于蜗牛Littorina saxatilis中波浪掠过的岩石海岸的移位风险

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摘要

The periwinkle Littorina saxatilis has repeatedly evolved both a small, fragile and globose "wave ecotype" confined to wave-swept shores and a large, robust and elongated "crab ecotype" found in nearby crab-rich but less-exposed shores. This phenotypic divergence is assumed to reflect, in some part, local adaptation to wave exposure, but this hypothesis has received incomplete experimental testing. Here, we report a test of the prediction that the wave ecotype has a higher capacity to resist water flow than the crab ecotype. We sampled snails along a crab-wave transect and measured their resistance to dislodgement in a high-speed water flume with water speeds that match those of breaking waves in a range of relevant field conditions. Snails from the wave environment were consistently more resistant to water flow than snails from the crab environment and high resistance was positively correlated with the surface area of the foot and the area of the outer aperture contour both relative to shell size, and to the extent of lateral shell compression. In a separate experiment, we found that snails raised in still water in a common garden showed higher resistance to water flow if originating from a wave environment than from a crab environment, and this was true both at juvenile (2 weeks) and adult (10 months) developmental stages. This result suggests genetic control of a distinct "wave adapted" phenotype, likely to be maintained under strong divergent selection between the two adjacent habitats.
机译:荔枝角荔枝科的长春花一再发展为局限在波涛汹涌的海岸的小型,脆弱和球形的“波浪生态型”,以及在附近的螃蟹丰富但接触较少的海岸发现的大型,坚固而细长的“螃蟹生态型”。假定这种表型差异在某种程度上反映了对波辐射的局部适应性,但是该假设尚未得到完整的实验检验。在这里,我们报告了对波浪生态型比螃蟹生态型具有更高的抵抗水流能力的预测测试。我们沿螃蟹波横断面采样了蜗牛,并测量了它们在高速水槽中的抗脱落能力,其水速在相关的田间条件下与破碎波的速度相匹配。波浪环境中的蜗牛比螃蟹环境中的蜗牛对水的抵抗力更强,并且高抵抗力与脚的表面积和外孔轮廓线的面积均与壳的大小呈正相关,并且与壳的大小呈正相关。侧壳压缩。在一个单独的实验中,我们发现在普通花园中静水中长起的蜗牛,如果来自波浪环境而不是来自螃蟹环境,则对水流的抵抗力更高,这在少年(2周)和成年(10岁)都是如此。个月)的发展阶段。该结果表明对独特的“波浪适应”表型的遗传控制,可能在两个相邻生境之间的强烈差异选择下得以维持。

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