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Identification and quantification of dust aerosol emission over the Sahara from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations

机译:利用正交极化(CaLIOp)观测云 - 气溶胶激光雷达对撒哈拉沙漠上尘埃气溶胶排放的识别和量化

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摘要

Dust aerosols are an important component of the climate system and a challenge to incorporate into weather and climate models. Information on the location and magnitude of dust emission remains a key information gap to inform model development. Inadequate surface observations ensure that satellite data remain the primary source of this information over extensive and remote desert regions. Here, we develop estimates of the relative magnitude of active dust emission over the Sahara desert based on data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Utilising the unique vertical profile of aerosol characteristics provided by CALIOP our algorithm identifies emission from aerosol extinction and lidar backscatter in the near surface layers. From the long-term CALIOP archive of day and night-time orbits over 2006–13 we construct coarse resolution maps of a new dust emission index (DEI) for the Sahara desert during the peak summer dust season (June to September). The spatial structure of DEI indicates highest emission over a broad zone focused on the border regions of Southern Algeria, Northern Mali and northwest Niger, displaced substantially (∼7°) to the east of the mean maximum in satellite-derived aerosol optical depth. In this region night-time emission exceeds that during the day. The DEI maps substantially corroborate recently derived dust source frequency count maps based on back-tracking plumes in high temporal resolution SEVIRI imagery. As such, a convergence of evidence from multiple satellite data sources using independent methods provides an increasingly robust picture of Saharan dust emission sources. Various caveats are considered. As such, quantitative estimates of dust emission may require a synergistic combined multi-sensor analysis.
机译:粉尘气溶胶是气候系统的重要组成部分,也是将其纳入天气和气候模型的挑战。关于粉尘排放的位置和大小的信息仍然是为模型开发提供信息的关键信息缺口。地面观测不足会确保卫星数据仍然是广大偏远沙漠地区信息的主要来源。在此,我们基于正交极化云气溶胶激光雷达的数据,对撒哈拉沙漠上活跃尘埃排放的相对强度进行了估算。利用CALIOP提供的独特的垂直气溶胶特征剖面,我们的算法可识别近表层中气溶胶消光和激光雷达反向散射的排放。根据2006-13年白天和夜间的长期CALIOP档案,我们绘制了夏季沙尘高峰季节(6月至9月)撒哈拉沙漠新尘埃排放指数(DEI)的粗分辨率图。 DEI的空间结构表明,集中在阿尔及利亚南部,马里北部和尼日尔西北部边界地区的宽广区域内的最高发射,这些卫星基本上偏离了卫星衍生的气溶胶光学深度平均最大值东部(约7°)。在该地区,夜间排放量超过白天。基于高时间分辨率SEVIRI图像中的回溯羽流,DEI映射基本上证实了最近导出的尘源频率计数图。这样,使用独立方法从多个卫星数据源收集的证据会为撒哈拉尘埃排放源提供越来越可靠的图像。考虑了各种警告。这样,粉尘排放的定量估计可能需要协同的组合多传感器分析。

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