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Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: The chemosensory function of the amygdala

机译:性信息素和大脑奖赏系统的演变:杏仁核的化学感受功能

摘要

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females’ innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.
机译:所有四足动物脊椎动物的杏仁核都从主嗅球和副嗅球收到直接投影,这些投影在组织上的强烈相似之处表明它们经历了非常保守的进化。但是,当前有关杏仁核功能的想法并未充分关注其化学感应作用,而仅将其视为情感大脑的核心。在这项研究中,我们建议杏仁核的两个作用密切相关,因为杏仁核实际上参与了对化学信号的情绪反应。杏仁核是大脑中唯一直接从附属嗅球接收信息素信息的结构,我们在小鼠中发现,雄性释放出对女性具有天生吸引力的性信息素。实际上,性信息素可以用作无条件刺激,以诱导对先前中性气味的条件吸引以及条件位置偏好。因此,性信息素应被视为天然的增强剂。行为和药理研究(在这里进行了综述)表明,雌性对性信息素的天生偏好不受腹侧被盖区多巴胺能细胞病变的影响,并且多巴胺拮抗剂的全身性给药既不会改变吸引力也不会改变这些信息素的增强作用。解剖学研究表明,犁鼻形杏仁核对嗅结节和Calleja岛产生了重要的预测,表明这些杏仁核-纹状体途径可能与性信息素的增强价值有关。

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