The management of indigenous living heritage in archaeological world heritage sites: a case study of Mongomi wa Kolo rock painting site, central Tanzania

摘要

Mongomi wa Kolo is a hunter-gatherer rock art site within the Kondoa district ofudCentral Tanzania. The site is part of a large group of rock art sites in Kondoa thatudwere collectively declared a National Monument by the Antiquities Act of Tanzania,udenacted in 1964 and amended in 1979. In July 2006, the World Heritage Committeeudinscribed the rock art of Kondoa as a World Heritage Site, acknowledging itsudinternational significance, its authentic beauty and living heritage.udMongomi wa Kolo is a focal point for regular ritual practices among the Bantulanguageudspeaking Warangi and Wasi/Waragwa communities in Kondoa District,udCentral Tanzania. The Warangi and Waragwa migrated to this area at the start of theudthird century. Since this time they have been using Mongomi wa Kolo for traditionaludritual ceremonies. Currently, the management of Mongomi wa Kolo has sought toudcontrol the ritual ceremonies of Warangi and Wasi/Waragwa communities becauseudsome rites are damaging the archaeology and rock paintings of the site. This controludhas led to a conflict between local ritual practitioners and authorities responsible forudheritage management.udManagement of living heritage is new to the Tanzanian cultural heritage authority.udThis study explores the implications of including living heritage in the management atudthe archaeological World Heritage Site of Mongomi wa Kolo. Examples are drawnudfrom other World Heritage Sites that manage living heritage. Specifically this studyudconsiders how best to integrate living heritage within the management of theudMongomi wa Kolo rock painting site. It then discusses the challenges of adapting theudTanzanian Antiquities legislation to cover living heritage. This study will be achievedudthrough a review of the history of the management of living heritage, internationaludand national legislation protecting living heritage, and interviews undertaken withudelders, traditional practitioners, communities around Kolo and nearby villages, andudwith staff of the Antiquities Department.