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Bringing Dicynodonts Back to Life: Paleobiology and Anatomy of a New Emydopoid Genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique

机译:使棘齿动物恢复生机:莫桑比克上二叠纪新类异足动物属的古生物学和解剖学

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摘要

Dicynodontia represent the most diverse tetrapod group during the Late Permian. They survived the Permo-Triassic extinction and are central to understanding Permo-Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Although extensively studied, several aspects of dicynodont paleobiology such as, neuroanatomy, inner ear morphology and internal cranial anatomy remain obscure. Here we describe a new dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from northern Mozambique: Niassodon mfumukasi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype ML1620 was collected from the Late Permian K5 formation, Metangula Graben, Niassa Province northern Mozambique, an almost completely unexplored basin and country for vertebrate paleontology. Synchrotron radiation based micro-computed tomography (SRµCT), combined with a phylogenetic analysis, demonstrates a set of characters shared with Emydopoidea. All individual bones were digitally segmented allowing a 3D visualization of each element. In addition, we reconstructed the osseous labyrinth, endocast, cranial nerves and vasculature. The brain is narrow and the cerebellum is broader than the forebrain, resembling the conservative, "reptilian-grade" morphology of other non-mammalian therapsids, but the enlarged paraflocculi occupy the same relative volume as in birds. The orientation of the horizontal semicircular canals indicates a slightly more dorsally tilted head posture than previously assumed in other dicynodonts. In addition, synchrotron data shows a secondary center of ossification in the femur. Thus ML1620 represents, to our knowledge, the oldest fossil evidence of a secondary center of ossification, pushing back the evolutionary origins of this feature. The fact that the specimen represents a new species indicates that the Late Permian tetrapod fauna of east Africa is still incompletely known.
机译:Dicynodontia代表二叠纪晚期最多样化的四足动物。它们在二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝中幸存下来,对于了解二叠纪-三叠纪的陆地生态系统至关重要。尽管进行了广泛研究,但双齿龙古生物学的某些方面(如神经解剖学,内耳形态和颅内解剖学)仍然不清楚。在这里,我们描述了来自莫桑比克北部的一种新的双齿龙(Therapsida,Anomodontia):Niassodon mfumukasi gen。等。十一月完整型ML1620采自莫桑比克北部尼亚萨省尼亚萨省Metangula Graben的晚二叠纪K5地层,这是一个几乎完全未开发的脊椎动物古生物学盆地和国家。基于同步辐射的微型计算机断层扫描(SRµCT),结合系统发育分析,证明了与Emydopoidea共有的一组特征。对所有单个骨骼进行数字分割,以实现每个元素的3D可视化。此外,我们重建了骨迷路,内铸物,颅神经和脉管系统。大脑较窄,小脑比前脑宽,类似于其他非哺乳动物疗法的保守的“爬虫类”形态,但增大的旁侧神经节占据与鸟类相同的相对体积。水平半圆形管的方向表明头部背侧姿势比以前在其他双齿颌中所假定的稍微倾斜。另外,同步加速器数据显示了股骨骨化的次要中心。因此,据我们所知,ML1620代表了骨化次生中心的最古老的化石证据,从而推迟了该特征的进化起源。该标本代表一个新物种这一事实表明,东非的晚二叠纪四足动物群仍不完全清楚。

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