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Kinetochore-Independent Chromosome Poleward Movement during Anaphase of Meiosis II in Mouse Eggs

机译:小鼠卵减数分裂II后期的动轴独立染色体向极运动

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摘要

Kinetochores are considered to be the key structures that physically connect spindle microtubules to the chromosomes and play an important role in chromosome segregation during mitosis. Due to different mechanisms of spindle assembly between centrosome-containing mitotic cells and acentrosomal meiotic oocytes, it is unclear how a meiotic spindle generates the poleward forces to drive two rounds of meiotic chromosome segregation to achieve genome haploidization. We took advantage of the fact that DNA beads are able to induce bipolar spindle formation without kinetochores and studied the behavior of DNA beads in the induced spindle in mouse eggs during meiosis II. Interestingly, DNA beads underwent poleward movements that were similar in timing and speed to the meiotic chromosomes, although all the beads moved together to the same spindle pole. Disruption of dynein function abolished the poleward movements of DNA beads but not of the meiotic chromosomes, suggesting the existence of different dynein-dependent and dynein-independent force generation mechanisms for the chromosome poleward movement, and the latter may be dependent on the presence of kinetochores. Consistent with the observed DNA bead poleward movement, sperm haploid chromatin (which also induced bipolar spindle formation after injection to a metaphase egg without forming detectable kinetochore structures) also underwent similar poleward movement at anaphase as DNA beads. The results suggest that in the chromatin-induced meiotic spindles, kinetochore attachments to spindle microtubules are not absolutely required for chromatin poleward movements at anaphase.
机译:动粒体被认为是将纺锤体微管与染色体物理连接并在有丝分裂过程中在染色体分离中起重要作用的关键结构。由于含中心体的有丝分裂细胞与非人染色体减数分裂卵母细胞之间纺锤体组装的机制不同,因此尚不清楚减数分裂纺锤体如何产生极向力来驱动两轮减数分裂染色体分离以实现基因组单倍体化。我们利用DNA珠能够诱导双极纺锤体形成而无需动轴的事实,并研究了减数分裂II期间小鼠卵中诱导的纺锤体中DNA珠的行为。有趣的是,尽管所有珠子一起移动到同一纺锤体极,但DNA珠子在时间和速度上都发生了与减数分裂染色体相似的极向运动。动力因的破坏消除了DNA珠的向极运动,但消除了减数分裂染色体的向极运动,这表明存在不同的动力依赖性和动力独立机制,使染色体向极运动,而后者可能依赖于动粒体的存在。 。与观察到的DNA珠极向运动一致,精子单倍体染色质(在注入中期卵后也诱导双极纺锤体形成,而没有形成可检测的线粒体结构)在后期也经历了与DNA珠类似的极向运动。结果表明,在染色质诱导的减数分裂纺锤体中,并不是染色质在后期的极向运动绝对需要动粒体附着在纺锤体微管上。

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