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Selection and gene flow on a diminishing cline of melanic peppered moths

机译:黑色胡椒蛾的递减种系的选择和基因流

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摘要

Historical datasets documenting changes to gene frequency clines are extremely rare but provide a powerful means of assessing the strength and relative roles of natural selection and gene flow. In 19th century Britain, blackening of the environment by the coal-fired manufacturing industry gave rise to a steep cline in the frequency of the black (carbonaria) morph of the peppered moth (Biston betularia) across northwest England and north Wales. The carbonaria morph has declined across the region following 1960s legislation to improve air quality, but the cline had not been comprehensively described since the early 1970s. We have quantified changes to the cline as of 2002, equivalent to an interval of 30 generations, and find that a cline still exists but that it is much shallower and shifted eastward. Joint estimation of the dominant fitness cost of carbonaria and dispersal parameters consistent with the observed cline change indicate that selection against carbonaria is very strong across the landscape (s ≈ 0.2), and that dispersal is much greater than previously assumed. The high dispersal estimate is further supported by the weak pattern of genetic isolation by distance at microsatellite loci, and it implies that in addition to adult dispersal, wind-dispersed first instar larvae also contribute to lifetime dispersal. The historical perspective afforded by this study of cline reversal provides new insight into the factors contributing to gene frequency change in this species, and it serves to illustrate that, even under conditions of high dispersal and strong reverse selection acting against it, complete erosion of an established cline requires many generations.
机译:记录基因频率谱系变化的历史数据集极为罕见,但提供了评估自然选择和基因流的强度和相对作用的有力手段。在19世纪的英国,燃煤制造业对环境的熏黑使整个英格兰西北部和北威尔士的胡椒蛾(黑头ston)的黑色(碳aria)形态发生频率急剧上升。自1960年代通过立法改善空气质量以来,该地区的碳弧菌病数量有所下降,但是自1970年代初以来,对这种气道的描述尚未得到全面描述。我们已经量化了2002年以来的cline变化,相当于30代的间隔,发现cline仍然存在,但是它更浅并且向东移动。对碳estimation虫的主要适应度成本和与观测到的谱线变化相一致的扩散参数的联合估计表明,在整个景观中对碳aria虫的选择非常强烈(s≈0.2),并且扩散程度比以前假定的要大得多。高散布估计值进一步得到了微卫星基因座距离远的遗传隔离的弱模式的支持,这意味着除了成年散布外,风散的第一龄幼虫也有助于终生散布。这项关于细胞系逆转研究的历史观点提供了对该物种基因频率变化的影响因素的新见解,它可以说明,即使在高度分散和强烈逆向选择的条件下,该物种的完全侵蚀也是如此。确立的血统需要几代人。

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