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Sustainability in Prefabricated Architecture: A Comparative Life Cycle Analysis of Container Architecture for Residential Structures

机译:预制建筑的可持续性:住宅结构容器架构的比较生命周期分析

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摘要

The aim of this research is to establish whether container architecture in the residential sector of New Zealand is energy efficient in contrast with traditional houses built by different building materials.This study is part of a discussion on sustainability in prefabricated architecture. The term "container architecture" has not been assessed in depth yet. On the other hand, the concept of prefabrication in architecture is well documented. Despite the large amount of empirical knowledge, little is known about container architecture in the residential sector. A comparative life cycle analysis has been undertaken by emphasising three different approaches: Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and the thermal performance of three conventional building materials (steel, concrete and timber-based structures) in the residential sector of New Zealand. Results from international studies of the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) method in houses have been mixed. A number of studies suggest the importance of this methodology in order to achieve benefits in the reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Most of these studies agree that operational energy is the highest driver of both the energy consumed and CO2 emitted. However, some studies disagree with this approach due to the assumption made in the underestimation of the energy used in the transport of raw materials in the construction process of a building. Establishing a comparative life cycle analysis between a container-house, a concrete dwelling and a timber residence may provide further insight in the understanding of the patterns related to the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the residential sector when container houses are used. Such understanding may be useful in developing more efficient houses. The household data for each project has been calculated and this information has been used to explore the drivers of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions through the lifespan of every example.Three case studies have been selected for this comparative life cycle analysis. Selection criteria are based upon relationships between container-architecture's main features that match with some ideals of the Modern Movement in Architecture: the construction of prefabricated and mass produced elements, modularity and formal simplicity. Emphasis is put on numerical relationships related to shipping steel-boxes, size and form, scale, material properties, density, site location and climatic conditions. The three case studies are: for steel, the Stevens House, which is the first container house constructed in Wellington, for concrete, a single dwelling unit of the Jellicoe Towers, a post-WWII model of Modern Architecture in New Zealand built in the late 1960s and for timber, the Firth House, a wooden-based house designed by Cedric Firth which was inspired by the works of Walter Gropius and Konrad Wachsmann, German figures of the Modern Movement in Architecture. The life cycle energy consumption is given by using two different software packages. The first is known as Gabi, which has a European database. It is useful to calculate the total amount of energy used and the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere by the different projects through their lifespan. The second program is New Zealand software known as ALF 3 (Annual Loss Factor 3), developed under BRANZ (Building Research Association of New Zealand) which is useful to calculate space heating energy.The outcome of the research shows that the usage of shipping containers in buildings leads to a major consumption of energy (per square metre) and release of CO2 into the atmosphere (per square metre) in comparison with traditional concrete and timber buildings.
机译:这项研究的目的是确定与使用不同建筑材料建造的传统房屋相比,新西兰住宅领域的集装箱建筑是否节能。这项研究是预制建筑可持续性讨论的一部分。术语“容器架构”尚未得到深入评估。另一方面,建筑中预制的概念已得到充分证明。尽管有大量的经验知识,但对住宅领域的容器架构知之甚少。通过强调三种不同的方法进行了比较性的生命周期分析:能源消耗,CO2排放以及新西兰住宅部门中三种传统建筑材料(钢,混凝土和木材结构)的热性能。国际上对房屋生命周期分析(LCA)方法的研究结果混杂在一起。大量研究表明,这种方法的重要性在于在减少能耗和减少二氧化碳排放方面获得收益。这些研究大多数都认为,操作能量是能耗和二氧化碳排放的最大推动力。但是,由于低估了建筑施工过程中原材料运输中使用的能源而做出的假设,因此一些研究不同意这种方法。在使用集装箱房屋的情况下,在集装箱房屋,混凝土住宅和木材住所之间建立比较的生命周期分析可能会提供进一步的见解,以了解与住宅部门能源消耗和二氧化碳排放有关的模式。这种理解可能对开发更高效的房屋有用。计算了每个项目的家庭数据,并将此信息用于探索每个示例生命周期内的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的驱动因素。为此比较生命周期分析选择了三个案例研究。选择标准基于与现代建筑运动的某些理想相匹配的容器-建筑主要特征之间的关系:预制和批量生产的元件的构造,模块化和形式上的简单性。重点放在与运输钢箱,尺寸和形式,比例,材料特性,密度,工地位置和气候条件有关的数值关系上。这三个案例研究是:对于钢铁,史蒂文斯之家(这是在惠灵顿建造的第一座集装箱房屋),对于混凝土,是杰利科大厦的一个住宅单元,这是二战后新西兰现代建筑的后期建造1960年代的木材之家Firth House是由塞德里克·菲斯(Cedric Firth)设计的木制房屋,其灵感来自德国现代建筑运动人物Walter Gropius和Konrad Wachsmann的作品。通过使用两个不同的软件包可以得出生命周期能耗。第一个被称为Gabi,它有一个欧洲数据库。计算不同项目在整个生命周期内消耗的能源总量和释放到大气中的二氧化碳量非常有用。第二个程序是在新西兰建筑研究协会(BRANZ)下开发的名为ALF 3(年度损失因子3)的新西兰软件,该软件可用于计算空间供暖能量。研究结果表明,使用运输集装箱与传统的混凝土和木材建筑物相比,建筑物中的建筑物会导致能源消耗(每平方米)和向大气中释放二氧化碳(每平方米)。

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    Palma Olivares Alejo Andres;

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  • 年度 2010
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