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Comparing individuals within and across situations, groups and species: Metatheoretical and methodological foundations demonstrated in primate behaviour

机译:比较情况,群体和物种内和之间的个体:灵长类动物行为中展示的元理论和方法论基础

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摘要

Individuals are explored in various kinds of phenomena and contexts. But how can scientists compare individual variations across phenomena with heterogeneous properties that require different methods for their exploration? How can measurements of individual variations be made directly comparable between different studies, groups of individuals or even species? This research applies the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) to elaborate metatheoretical concepts and analytical methodologies for quantitative comparisons of individual variations within and across situations, groups and species using behavioural phenomena as examples. Established concepts from personality psychology, differential psychology and cross-cultural and cross-species research are systematically integrated into coherent frameworks and extended by adding concepts for comparing individual-specific variations (i.e., “personality”) between species. Basic principles for establishing the functional comparability of behavioural and situational categories are elaborated while considering that individuals from different groups and species often show different behaviours and encounter different situations and therefore cannot be studied with identical variables as is done in assessment-based research. Building on these principles, the chapter explores methodologies for the statistical analyses of the configurational comparability of constructs and of mean-level differences between groups and species. It highlights that situational properties are crucial for quantitative comparisons of individual variations. Fundamental differences between observational methods and assessment methods are explored, revealing serious limitations and fallacies inherent to comparisons of individuals on the basis of assessments. Implementations of the methodological principles and concepts presented are illustrated with behavioural data from four primate species (weeper capuchins, mandrills, toque macaques and rhesus macaques).ududThis research was funded by a grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG; UH-249/1-1).
机译:在各种现象和环境中探索个人。但是,科学家如何才能比较具有不同性质,需要不同方法进行探索的现象之间的个体差异?如何在不同研究,个人群体甚至物种之间直接比较个体变异的测量值?这项研究运用跨学科的个人哲学研究范式(TPS-Paradigm)来阐述元理论概念和分析方法,以行为现象为例,对情况,群体和物种内和跨场景,群体和物种内的个体变异进行定量比较。来自人格心理学,差异心理学以及跨文化和跨物种研究的既定概念被系统地整合到连贯的框架中,并通过添加用于比较物种之间个体特定变异(即“个性”)的概念而得到扩展。阐述了建立行为和情境类别的功能可比性的基本原则,同时考虑到来自不同群体和物种的个体通常表现出不同的行为并遇到不同的情况,因此不能像基于评估的研究那样使用相同的变量进行研究。在这些原则的基础上,本章探讨了对结构的构型可比性以及群体和物种之间的均值差异进行统计分析的方法。它强调了情境属性对于单个变化的定量比较至关重要。探索了观察方法和评估方法之间的根本差异,揭示了评估基础上个体比较所固有的严重局限性和谬误。所提出的方法论原理和概念的实现方式,来自四种灵长类动物(w猴,山d,无头猕猴和恒河猴)的行为数据进行了说明。 ud ud这项研究由德国研究基金会(DFG; UH- 249 / 1-1)。

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    Uher Jana;

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