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Characteristics and drivers of high-altitude ladybird flight: insights from vertical-looking entomological radar

机译:高空瓢虫飞行的特征和驱动因素:垂直昆虫雷达的见解

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摘要

Understanding the characteristics and drivers of dispersal is crucial for predicting population dynamics, particularly in range-shifting species. Studying long-distance dispersal in insects is challenging, but recent advances in entomological radar offer unique insights. We analysed 10 years of radar data collected at Rothamsted Research, U.K., to investigate characteristics (altitude, speed, seasonal and annual trends) and drivers (aphid abundance, air temperature, wind speed and rainfall) of high-altitude flight of the two most abundant U.K. ladybird species (native Coccinella septempunctata and invasive Harmonia axyridis). These species cannot be distinguished in the radar data since their reflectivity signals overlap, and they were therefore analysed together. However, their signals do not overlap with other, abundant insects so we are confident they constitute the overwhelming majority of the analysed data. The target species were detected up to ~1100 m above ground level, where displacement speeds of up to ~60 km/h were recorded, however most ladybirds were found between ~150 and 500 m, and had a mean displacement of 30 km/h. Average flight time was estimated, using tethered flight experiments, to be 36.5 minutes, but flights of up to two hours were observed. Ladybirds are therefore potentially able to travel 18 km in a "typical" high-altitude flight, but up to 120 km if flying at higher altitudes, indicating a high capacity for long-distance dispersal. There were strong seasonal trends in ladybird abundance, with peaks corresponding to the highest temperatures of mid-summer, and warm air temperature was the key driver of ladybird flight. Climatic warming may therefore increase the potential for long-distance dispersal in these species. Low aphid abundance was a second significant factor, highlighting the important role of aphid population dynamics in ladybird dispersal. This research illustrates the utility of radar for studying high-altitude insect flight and has important implications for predicting long-distance dispersal. © 2013 Jeffries et al.
机译:了解散布的特征和驱动因素对于预测种群动态至关重要,特别是在范围转移物种中。研究昆虫中的远距离扩散具有挑战性,但是昆虫学雷达的最新进展提供了独特的见解。我们分析了英国Rothamsted Research收集的10年雷达数据,以调查两个最高海拔飞行的特征(高度,速度,季节和年度趋势)和驱动因素(蚜虫的丰度,气温,风速和降雨量)英国瓢虫种类繁多(原生球墨西番莲和入侵性和谐口琴)。这些种类无法在雷达数据中加以区分,因为它们的反射率信号重叠,因此一起进行了分析。但是,它们的信号不会与其他丰富的昆虫重叠,因此我们相信它们构成了分析数据的绝大多数。在距地面约1100 m处检测到目标物种,记录的位移速度高达〜60 km / h,但是发现大多数瓢虫在〜150至500 m之间,平均位移为30 km / h 。使用系留飞行实验估计的平均飞行时间为36.5分钟,但观察到长达2小时的飞行。因此,瓢虫有可能在“典型”的高空飞行中飞行18公里,但如果在更高的高度飞行,则可达120公里,这表明其具有长距离分散的能力。瓢虫的丰度有强烈的季节性趋势,其峰值对应于仲夏的最高温度,而温暖的空气温度是瓢虫飞行的主要动力。因此,气候变暖可能会增加这些物种中远距离传播的可能性。蚜虫数量低是第二个重要因素,突显了蚜虫种群动态在瓢虫传播中的重要作用。这项研究说明了雷达在研究高空昆虫飞行中的实用性,对预测远距离扩散具有重要意义。 ©2013 Jeffries等。

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